First aid knowledge - injured

First aid knowledge - injured

1, trauma:

The body is torn or damaged by external forces. There are many causes of trauma, depending on whether there are wounds or not, they can be divided into open and closed categories.

1-1, closed trauma: caused by blunt force, no skin, body surface mucosa rupture, common bruises and sprains.

1-1-a, contusion: blunt force caused by the skin and subcutaneous soft tissue damage, skin without cracks, bruising injury, subcutaneous bleeding, swelling, tenderness. Light wounds can be used outside the injury area. For thoracoabdominal contusion and head contusion, consider whether there is a deep hematoma or visceral injury bleeding, it should be to the hospital for observation and diagnosis.

1-1-b. Sprains: Sprains often occur in the ankle, waist, neck, and wrists. The general treatment principle of sprain is to allow the patient to stabilize emotions, fix the injured area, and cover the affected area with a cold damp cloth. Sprained hands and feet can raise the affected area. Neck and waist sprained people cannot move the affected part while carrying. Sprains often accompanied by dislocation or fracture related to the joint, should immediately go to the hospital for treatment. In addition, regardless of the severity of the sprains, they should not be bathed and massaged indiscriminately and must be sent to the hospital for treatment. The commonly used treatments for sprains are partial closure (using 0.25% to 0.5% procaine), external application of drugs, physical therapy and so on.

1-2. Open trauma: Most of them are caused by sharp instruments and firearms. A few can be caused by blunt force. Frequently, skin and body surface mucosa break down.

1-2-a, cuts: shallow wounds are rinsed with warm water or normal saline, dried, sterilized with iodine or alcohol, stopped bleeding, or sprayed on the wound with a “quickly fast” spray, and then are usually dressed. Faster recovery. Use a band-aid on a small wound. For deeper wounds, hemostasis should be immediately oppressed, and hospital debridement should be performed at a rapid rate, depending on the condition of the injury. Scald wounds should not be coated with drugs such as ointment, otherwise the wound will be difficult to heal.

1-2-b, stab wound: should first clean the wound, use the sterilized needle and tweezers, remove the foreign body, and then disinfect the wound after dressing. Foreign body stays in the body to facilitate pyogenic infection. For those with small wounds and less bleeding, it is better to squeeze out some blood from the wound. The fingernail's puncture injury is not easy to handle. You can first cut the nail into a V-shaped mouth and pull out the thorn. Or to the hospital. If it is left in the body by a needle, metal sheet, etc., it should be taken to the hospital under X-ray. Deep wounds may have deep tissue damage, often with concurrent infections, and may be treated with anti-inflammatory drugs. Defective stab wounds should prevent tetanus and should be given intramuscular injection of tetanus antitoxin.

1-3 general treatment principles of trauma:

For patients with massive bleeding, it is advisable to take hemostasis first; for small wounds such as cutting wounds or stab wounds, if small amounts of blood can be squeezed out, bacteria and dust can be excreted; the wound should be cleaned with clean water, and it cannot be thoroughly cleaned. Wounds must be covered with a clean cloth and not covered directly with cotton or toilet paper.

2, burns:

Burns can be divided into two types of burns and water burns. In addition to boiling water, flames, steam and other high-temperature burns that are common in daily life, there are chemical burns such as strong acids and alkalis in the industry, and physical burns such as current, radiation, and nuclear energy. The larger the area, the deeper the depth, and the greater and more severe the impact on the whole body and the area.

2-1. The degree of burns: scalding can be divided into

Once burned (erythema, skin red, and burning tingling);

Second-degree scald (bubble, blisters in the affected area);

Third-degree scald (necrotic, skin peeling), for a small area of ​​minor burns, can be treated at home, after cleaning the wound, can be coated with Jing Wanhong, MEBO moisturizing burn cream and so on. For large areas of burns, it is advisable to go to the hospital as soon as possible.

2-2. Treatment of burns:

The principle of scalding treatment is to first remove the heat source, quickly leave the scene, use a variety of fire extinguishing methods, such as flooding, water shower, lying on the ground, etc., immediately take off the wet clothes or cut clothes to cold water, limbs soaked in cold water Until the pain disappears. You can also use a wet towel or sheets to cover the wound and spray cold water on. Do not break the blisters.

The treatment of burn wounds is of utmost importance. First, the hair in the wounded area and its vicinity must be shaved, and long nails must be cut off. The healthy skin around the wound was washed with soap and water and then disinfected with 0.1% benzalkonium bromide or 75% alcohol scrub. The wound was washed with isotonic saline to remove foreign matter, dirt, etc. from the wound. Protect the small blisters from damage. Large blisters can be used to empty the blisters with an injection needle, or to release the blisters at a low level. Those with severed blisters or heavier pollution should remove the foamed skin and gently crush the wound with gauze. Cover it with a layer of liquid paraffin gauze or a thin layer of Vaseline gauze, plus a multi-layered absorbent gauze and cotton pad, and add evenly with a bandage. Pressure dressing. Burns can also use bandaging therapy, exposure therapy and so on.

Burns are often complicated by infections, so antibiotics should be added, and tetanus antitoxin can be injected.

The treatment of large area scalds requires a lot of human, material and financial resources. And often leave extensive scars, causing serious deformities and dysfunction. Therefore, we must pay attention to prevention, in daily life we ​​must strengthen the fire safety education for residents and children, in industrial and mining enterprises to strengthen the safety of production workers, education, and develop a strict fire management system.

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