The so-called glass printing refers to the printing method using glass as the main product. The use of glass has a long history. Even in modern times, glass is an indispensable material. In particular, various glass products have penetrated into all aspects of social life. Since the beginning of the 20th century, industrial glass products and food glassware have been produced in large quantities. They are transparent, colorless, and can realize multi-color printing and low-cost production. Nowadays, the production of glass products is developing toward the diversification of shapes and the exquisite printing.
The printing of glass products can be screen printing, ink jet printing, transfer printing, etc. Most of the screen printing methods are currently used. The use of wire towels on glass products has the following advantages:
1 The glass surface is smooth and hard, and its products are mostly transparent, so it is suitable for screen printing with soft contact to complete color printing;
2 Glass is an inorganic material and has good chemical stability. Its binding force with the organic synthetic resin of the binder in the ink is very small and does not meet the basic requirements of adhesion and durability. Therefore, the sintering process is often carried out after printing, which requires the ink layer should have a certain thickness and heat resistance, and the screen printing method can meet this requirement.
It can be seen that the fundamental problem of glass printing is that in order to improve the adhesion of the glass surface to the ink, how to properly select special inks and perform necessary post-processing, and at the same time use reasonable screen printing methods to achieve fine printing of glass products.

First, the composition of glass, structure and surface properties (a) the chemical composition and structure of glass 1. The chemical composition of glass Glass is an amorphous solid. There is no constant proportional relationship between the various chemical components that make up the glass. Glass is generally made by heating raw materials into a molten state and cooling them. The main raw material for making various glasses is the oxide of certain elements. For example: SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaI, MgO, Na2O, K2O, PbO, B2O3, P2O3, and the like. These oxides can be divided into three categories. One is the ability to independently form a glass network, such as SiO2, B2O3, etc., known as "glass-forming body oxides." Second, it cannot form a glass state itself, but it can form a network with certain oxides, for example, Al2O3, V2O5, etc. It is called "intermediate oxide"; third, oxides that can break the network, such as Na2O, K2O, etc., are called "network multi-body oxides." The percentage of various oxides in the main industrial glass is shown in Table 3-25.
Table 3-25 Composition of Various Practical Glasses
Type Oxide/%
Plate glass
Bottle glass
Bulb glass
Electrical glass
crystal glass
Optical glass
Fluorescent glass
Physical and chemical hard glass
Alkali-free glass
High silica glass
SiO2
70-73
70-74
71.0
56.8
53.0
69.58
68.8
80.62
53.5
96.3
Al2O3
1-1.9
1.5-2.0
0.5
-
-
0.04
1.36
2.0
14.7
0.4
Fe2O3
1-19
1.5-2.0
0.2
-
-
0.01
0.06
0.16
-
-
CaO
7-12
8-12
7.0
-
-
0.07
7.25
0.22
17.5
-
MgO
1-4
8-12
3.0
-
-
-
0.36
0.29
4.5
-
Na2O
13-15
13-16
18.0
4.1
-
8.44
16.47
3.83
-
0.02
K2O
13-15
13-16
-
7.7
2.0
8.37
0.60
0.61
-
0.02
BaO
-
-
-
-
5.0
2.54
-
-
-
-
PbO
-
-
1.0
31.4
31.0
-
4.5
-
-
-
B2O3
-
-
-
-
9.0
9.91
-
11.9
10.0
2.9

2. Chemical structure of glass From the viewpoint of chemical structure, the cooling of a melt of a silicate or the like contains various anionic clusters when it is converted into glass. As the temperature drops, these negative ion clusters polymerize into large negative ion clusters and form a network structure. The melt of the silicate glass contains [SiO4]-4, [Si2O7]-6, [Si6O18]-12, [SiO3]n-6n, [Si4On]n-6n anion groups, which are polymerized in these anions. In the network architecture, each silicon atom and its surrounding four oxygen atoms form a four-sided cone. Silicon atoms are in the center of the cone, and the oxygen atoms are at the four vertices and are common to the adjacent cones. Si+4 is called "network forming agent ion." The Na+ and K+ plasmas contained in the melt have a large radius and a low charge, and their bonds with oxygen are much weaker than silicon-oxygen bonds, so the oxygen ions attached to them are easily pulled away by Si+4. To make the oxygen bridge between two silicon atoms

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